The boats of this project is the largest ever built submarines. The NATO designation "Typhoon" a debate between is Leonid Brezhnev and Gerald Ford in Vladivostok from 1974 taken in the Brezhnev the development of a weapon system that is named in response to the planned introduction of the U.S. Ohio class announced.
Status
Currently three boats in the service of the Russian Navy (TK-208, TK-17 and TK-20). TK-208 is in service and has been equipped with new Bulava intercontinental ballistic missiles. TK-17 and TK-20 have destroyed the old RSM-52 missiles by firing and subsequent self-destruction and therefore carry no missiles. Your continued use remains unclear. Currently, they are assigned to the reserve. The Russian Navy announced initially in 2010, wanting to keep the Project 941 to 2019 on active duty, moved the date of phasing in a statement of 2011, however, the year 2014.Planning and Construction
1972 began the "Ruby"-development office in Leningrad under the direction of SN Kovalev planning work on a new submarine class in the Soviet Navy, which was to have a new type of ICBM. The specifications of the future missile had been determined only in part, because their actual development did not begin until the following year.The missiles with their expected high weight and corresponding dimensions in sufficient numbers to be accommodated in a submarine proved to be a problem since the previous submarines with ballistic missiles of the Soviet Union, the projects 667a and 667b, scheduled for a same structural been were: a pressure vessel with a tower in the front third and then two rows of missile silos. Apply this construct even with the R-39 missile would have to extend the boats so that they most docks and harbors no longer could have used. Thus, Kovalyov chose to use two parallel pressure hull and the necessary Boost for Project 941 is not to be attained by increasing the length, but by widening.
The new project would be in a position to carry 24 of the new R-39 missiles, however, the number of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Sergei Gorshkov limited by decree to 20.
After the first boat of Project 941 in 1976 in the shipyard of Severodvinsk had been placed on keel, the D-19 missile complex was approved in combination with the R-39 rocket in 1984 by the Navy to be satisfactory.
Costs
From its sheer size and the use of modern technology resulted in an enormous commitment of Soviet labor and raw materials. Shall contain any boat project 941 9,000 tons rare and difficult to be processed titanium . 1219 alone 402 employees of the shipyard "Sevmash" were later to participate in the construction and development of the project of the Soviet Union medal awarded. The number of different businesses, companies and academic institutions that were involved in the planning, construction and equipment of the boats, exceeded 1,000.Technology
Hull
Project 941 is 172.8 meters long , and it displaces when diving trip around 48,000 tonnes of water. The hull consists of an outer shell made of steel which contains two adjacent cylindrical pressure body made of titanium, which extend virtually over the entire boat length.This walk-pressure body with a diameter of up to 7.2 meters and house the accommodation and the majority of the technical systems. A third short press body is placed centrally on the other two and includes two walk-on deck the command center of the boat. the radio room and various computer systems
The torpedo at the bow and the rudder controls at rear , despite the two parallel pressure body in the center - that is on the longitudinal axis of project 941 - to place, can be built at the front and rear in each case a further cylindrical pressure body between the two main pressure hull, so that a total of two large and three smaller pressure hull form the walk inside the boats. An accident in which an explosion in the torpedo room destroyed much of the underlying pressure inside of the body, as the boat K-141 Kursk happened can, so do not occur in project 941st If all the bulkheads are closed in the boat, forming a total of 19 watertight departments.
The twenty launch canister for ICBMs are located between the bow and the boat tower. They are between the two main pressure bodies inserted and to protect the missile from damage due to water pressure and salt water itself constructed so that the pressure in its interior, is kept constant.
The boats of the project, 941 have two Auftauchkammern at the foot of the tower structure, which can carry the entire crew safely in an emergency to the surface. These lifeboats are located on the port side and starboard and can be accessed from the respective main body of pressure.
Project 941 is designed so that there are approximately 48% more lift force generated than would be necessary to prevent the boat is on the wane. In the U.S. Ohio-class, the figure is only 15%, so that the project can accommodate 941 in the case of damage far more water than its counterpart before it falls.
In order to insulate the noise certain machines and installations have been decoupled from the pressure hull envelope by being mounted on rubber layers. The entire hull was also covered on the outside with a layer of sound-absorbing tiles.
Design problems
Project 941 is, like most of the submarines with ballistic missiles from the era of the Cold War, the emergence under Arctic ice and breaking through ice sheets of up to two meters thick constructed. The use under the ice allowed the one hand, the ice to use as protection from discovery from the air and on the other hand, the background noise of the adjacent scarring ice are used to your own boat to hide from passive sonar detection by other submarines. For breaking the ice the designers had to step up the tower and especially the bow of Project 941, because the ice is on the appearance of the bow broken before.The position of the bridge tower behind the missile silos and thus abaft amidships was the combination of diving rudders on the tower and on the rear, as in the smaller boats of the previous project, 667 occurred and also in the U.S. Ohio-class, impossible for Project 941, because the boats had so little response to changes in the rudder position. In order to allow the heavy boats but in a short time to go from one depth to another, you had to install the rudder at the bow and stern, as is usually the construction of hunting submarineswill be handled.
The disadvantages of the absence of the rudder on the submarine tower that will have a supporting effect when a submarine is to be held in suspension (for example, before a rocket launch) and also reduce noise, since they far from the sonar system in the bow are removed, had to be balanced with Project 941 from other systems. Also had to be constructed on the bow diving planes so that they could be moved before the boat breaks through a sheet of ice or in a port maneuvered to avoid its damage. In addition to a faster response to changes of the steering position, an advantage of depth is rowing the bow in the reduction of the resistance , because the tower without the steering mechanism can be designed smaller and the achievable speed is increased accordingly.
Another problem was the enormous depth of the boats in aufgetauchtem state represents He is 11 meters, which was deemed to be too many military harbors deep. For this reason, the draftsmen included a reserve that allows the entry into ports or shallow waters, the boats on the water line out through the pumping of additional ballast water to raise.Drive
The energy supply of Project 941 is based on a reactor complex ever OK 650B in each pressure vessel. Thus, each boat has two pressurized water reactors type PWR within the complexes. They are equipped with the battery power independent cooling and possess automatic switch-off, the control rods also can not move between the fuel assemblies of the reactor when the boat keel up lies. Each reactor has 190 MW th thermal energy produced by steam , the two GTSA- turbine drives. Each turbine drives with 45,000 to 50,000 hp (33,097 to 36,775 kW ) each of the two waves of the two seven-bladed impeller move. In the diving operation as up to 25 knots can be achieved, on the surface, where the two impellers are not completely under water, the peak velocity decreases accordingly to 12 knots. The two propellers are as impeller running with a housing and thus enclosed, which is to protect them from damage caused by the appearance of ice. Each propeller has a diameter of 5.55 meters.
Alternative to the two reactors, two marine diesel generators for power generation available to provide 800 kW each.
The boats of the class have Manövrierantriebe low power, to move in port or other environments in which they can not use the impellers their main drive. The two electric motors of these drives can afford each 190 kW. They are mounted on the fuselage fore and aft.
Reach and dive time
Project 941 is licensed by its nuclear drive no range limitations. Only the possession of stocks of food and consumer goods for the crew to limit the duration of use of boats to an estimated 120 days.This theoretical operating time was confirmed in 1984 when TK 208,121 days immersed continuously operated. The previous record, by the British submarine HMS Warspite had been set up in 1983 with 111 days of continuous immersion time, was thus ten days outbid.
Crew
Project 941 has a crew of 160 sailors, of which 52 officers. All personnel housed in cabins, with no more than four cabin berths contains. For the expected long operating times are rest rooms with verdure, weight rooms with exercise equipment , a sauna and a swimming pool on board.Armament
The main armament of Project 941 consists of 20 R-39 intercontinental missiles that were in separate silos placed in pairs along the longitudinal axis of the boat. The weapon of the Soviet Union as R-39 and in international treaties as RSM-52 called, was installed on board as part of the D-19 missile complex. Each missile could carry up to ten multiple warheads 8,300 km wide, reaching its launch container weighs 90 tonnes.The loading of the boat with the heavy missile was a logistical problem because there is both a specific feeder for a boat of this size as well as a crane having sufficient capacity required in one place. Therefore it was decided to build a ship to transport the the ICBMs and they could pass to the project boats 941st The Alexander Brykin by 16,000 tons displacement, this was done in Leningrad built with the project number 11570th You can carry 16 R-39 missiles and transferred to the ship's 150-ton crane to submarines.
- A conversion of an individual project-941-boat on the RSM-56 Bulava intercontinental missile had been announced by the Russian Navy 2005th The Navy had to before the boat TK-208 Dmitry Donskoy converted for wearing the RSM-56 . The 37-ton missile has a range of up to 10,000 kilometers and can carry up to ten multiple warheads with 150 kiloton explosive yield. The tests on the prestigious and expensive weapon on Project 941 were marked between 2006 and 2010 in the public eye through many failures In response, a lighter version of the Bulava, which version Bulava-30 developed.
In order for the crew to defend the surface against aircraft and helicopters, in the tower, eight shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles of the type "Igla" carried in pressure-resistant containers.
Sensors and Communication
Project 941 is a sonar system type MGK-501 "Skat-KS" equipped. The main phalanx of this system is a cylindrical structure, which is housed below the torpedo tubes in the nose cone. The system can be active or passive, to search the surrounding sea for contacts. The Skat-system was installed in 1978 as the first sonar in submarines of the Soviet Union, which is already based on computer technology for data processing. It can track up to twelve contacts simultaneously. In addition to Project 941 is the "Skat-KS" on Project 949 used. subsystems of the sonar system are the MG-519-"Arfa" high frequency sonar, the mines in the vicinity detect or obstacles, a MG-518- depth gauge and a channel for acoustic underwater telephone . reportedly received the last two boats of the class, TK-17 and TK-20, during their construction, to complement the "Skat-KS "additional laterally a passive towed sonar type "Pelamida" (Russian: "Пеламида") (NATO: Shark Tail), which is mounted on the starboard side of the fuselage.- After her lengthy reconstruction, which lasted until 2002, the boat TK-208 carries the only Project 941 digital MGK-540 "Skat-3" sonar system.
- Radar - MRKP-58 "Radian" (NATO designation: "Snoop Pair") for the location of air and surface contacts, alternatively the model MRKP-59 "Radian-U" (NATO designation: "Snoop Half")
- ESM system MRP-21A "Saliw-P" for detection and localization of foreign radar signals.
- Beobachtungsperiskop "signal 3" (Russian: Сигнал-3) or "Kutum" (Russian: Кутум)
- Kommandantenperiskop "swan-21" (Russian: лебедь-21)
- Transmitter and receiver antennas of the communication system "Molniya-MS"
- Receiver "Sintes" for the satellite navigation the "Tobol-941" navigation system
941 units of the project
The Soviet Union built 941st six boats of the project After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia was no longer able to bear the costs for the maintenance of all six boats and stop the yet incomplete structure of the logistics on land. The boats were initially only tactical numbers as name, some have been provided in the course of their service with their names:TK-208 Dmitry Donskoi
TK-208 was born on 30 June 1976 at Shipyard 402 in Severodvinsk Keel-laying and ran on 27 September 1980 from the stack. After extensive testing, it was on 29 December in 1981 in service and the following year the Northern Fleet allocated. The boat led from December 1983 until April 1984, a 121-day continuous submerged operation. The boat itself was - excellent for performance, the commander of the - under the policies of the Soviet and Russian naval hero of the Soviet Union appointed. TK-208 in 1989 was appointed to the shipyard to the new rocket type RSM-52 converted to be. As a result of funding gaps in the reconstruction was interrupted only in 1996 and the boat docked for continuing the work at Sevmash. On 7 October 2000, she was at the suggestion of the government of Tula, the honorary title of Dmitry Donskoy . On 26 June 2002 was the renovation completed and TK-208 belonged to the so-UM Project 941 (Russian: 941УМ). It took until 2010 by numerous test launches of the new rocket and is still in the service of the Northern Fleet.TK-202
The boat was on 22 April 1978 set in Severodvinsk on keel and ran on 23 September 1982 from the stack. After its commissioning on 28December 1983 was assigned to the Northern Fleet. After several missions, it was on 28 March put out of service in 1995. With international support in 1999, the scrapping of TK-202 agreed and scrapped the boat in 2005. The sealed reactor section was towed to a permanent storage facility of the Navy.TK-12 Simbirsk
TK-12 was on 19 April 1980 set in Severodvinsk on keel and ran on 17 December 1983 from the stack. The following year the boat was fitted and tested before it on 26 December was in 1984 in the service of the Northern Fleet. In the fall of 1987, she broke the ice at the North Pole as part of an exercise and launched two R-39 intercontinental ballistic missiles, one of which exploded, however, a prematurely. 1991 to 1992 she was docked for overhaul. She led the debate by several patrols, but was added in 1996 in the reserve. In November 2001 she was awarded the honorary title of Simbirsk , 2005 it was decided in the course of their scrapping international treaties. The boat was on 21 November 2006 docked for splitting up and scrapped.
TK-13
TK-13 was on 23 February 1982 set in Severodvinsk on keel and ran on 30 April 1985 from the stack. In February 1986, the boat was the 18th Division assigned to the Northern Fleet. It resulted in the next few years by several patrols and in 1987 by the General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev visits. After further operations, it was completed in 1997 out of service. In 2006 and 2007, decided to scrap his preparations began for the removal of the reactor. In 2009, the submarine scrapped.
TK-17 Arkhangelsk
TK-17 was born on 9 August 1983 set in Severodvinsk on keel and ran on 12 September 1986 from the stack. During her service in the Northern Fleet, she was on 27 September 1991 damaged when during a training ride in the , the drive section of an R-39 rocket exploded in its silo. After repairs she took her service again. In 2002 she was docked for overhaul and on 18 November on the name Arkhangelsk baptized. After further operations should be converted for modern RSM-52 missile system, but was delayed, and this measure is still not implemented. Representatives of the Navy and the company Severstal support the conversion, while others hold the scrapping of the boat for the best solution. TK-17 will remain so in the service of the fleet, although its full operational capability is not given as a result of the lack of missile armament.
TK-20 Severstal
TK-20 was on 27 Keel-laying Severodvinsk August 1985 and ran on 11 April 1989 from the stack. She was then assigned to the Northern Fleet trials. They conducted numerous patrols and launched on 25 August 1995, a intercontinental ballistic missile from the North Pole toward a test site. On 31 May 2000, a contract was between the Defense Ministry and the management of the group companies Severstal signed, according to which the latter takes over the patronage of the boat, which in turn helps the company name as the name of the ship. At the base of the tower front of TK-20 also is the company's logo - a stylized cast container flows from the steel - attached. As her sister boat TK-17 missiles it carries no weapons.Political impact
Disarmament treaties
Project 941 proved with its concentration of firepower as a huge burden on the Soviet Union in the disarmament talks of the 1990s. The contracts for the reduction of strategic weapons limited the number of warheads, the Soviet Union and its successor Russia were ready to keep ICBMs. 4900 this multiple warheads were granted the USSR, of which 3300 on land-based missiles. Six project-941-1200 boats alone sea-based warheads were bound - only six of the new project-667-BDRM submarines would have been so allowed. 51 Soviet submarines of projects 667A, 667b, and 667BD 667BDR that were still in service in the Soviet Navy, were scrapped before the expiry of the agreed deadlines or must be rendered unusable. Only a contractually guaranteed reduction of warheads of missiles on submarines made it possible to increase the number of submarines in service and increase of eleven project-667-BDR-boats. On Project 941 were then only eight warheads are carried per R-39 missile.
During the Cold War
Accordingly conservative views is the task of submarines with ballistic missiles to ensure the second- or retaliatory capability of a country in a nuclear war. Western analysts, however, suspected early on that Project 941 for use as Erstschlagswaffe and thus the destruction of the enemy's nuclear weapons potential before its application (or "counter-force operation") was provided. They concluded this from the combination of the number and range of the missiles in relation to the ability to break through Arctic ice. The latter would be in the range of the missiles were no longer needed to meet the United States, since this is also possible from the home waters of the submarines. An article by Vice Admiral K. Stablo the Soviet Navy, published in the Soviet military newspaper Red Star in August 1981, in which he accused the United States, to plan the use of their boats for the first strike was seen as confirming a corresponding doctrine of the Soviet Navy.So the U.S. Navy analyst James M. McConnell wrote in March 1982:
„ It strongly implies […] that their SSBNs have a strategic counterforce role over and above that assigned them in the past. […] In this connection, attention is aroused by a recent press report crediting the new Soviet Typhoon-class SSBN, now undergoing sea trials, with the capability of pushing up through the Arctic ice cover and launching its missiles against military targets in the U.S. from a range several thousand miles shorter than presently expected.“
"This includes strongly [...] that its submarines with ballistic missiles have the responsibilities of an Erstschlagswaffe and they also have had in the past. [...] In this context, was awakened [our] attention by a recent press report, which attributes to the Soviet Typhoon class submarine, currently being tested, the ability to break through the Arctic ice cap and its missiles against military targets in the United States to start from a distance that is many thousands of miles shorter than currently expected. "
Conflict over the Arctic
With the resurgence of Russia and the conflict over the political status of the Arctic , and thus the local natural resources project was set 941 to the Russian demands for emphasis. After a speech by Rear Admiral Valery Aleksin in the summer of 1995, in which he declared that he who controls the Arctic, controls the world, TK-20 broke through on 25 August , the ice at the geographic North Pole and started an R-39 missile with ten warheads exercise towards a Russian test site.Transport Submarine
Having had became apparent that the medium of Project 941 Project 955 was to be replaced, they also began to think about alternative uses. To the exploitation of natural resources in the Arctic - independent of interference from ice - products of the company Norilsk Nickel can be transported, the company was considering to convert the U-boats to transport ships. In place of the missile bays planned the Rubin design office one holds up to 15,000 tons of cargo per submarine, saw hatches prior to the ship's sides to speed up the loading and unloading, and gave the boats a solid Eisbrecherbug, for the sonar postponed and the torpedo tubes were removed. The transportation time would have - in contrast to cargo ships , there must be accompanied by icebreakers can go - reduced by two to three times. The program was the Defense of the Russian Federation rejected as "inappropriate" and was ultimately to expensive.Fiction
The general public in the West Project 941 was its NATO designation "Typhoon-class" only through the book Hunt for Red October and the eponymous film with Sean Connery and Alec Baldwin is known from 1990.In the media
First time in 2001 was allowed a television crew on a patrol of the TK-20 Severstal participate. The documentation of Vitaly Fedko and Ludmila Nasaruch was from ZDF entitled "On an invisible mission - traveling with the largest submarine in the world" broadcast.The broadcaster National Geographic produced as part of its series "BREAK IT DOWN" In 2008, a documentary about the scrapping of TK-13.
The TK-17 Arkhangelsk came to the media as if 2002 was a maneuver by the Northern Fleet with President Putin fired on board two RSM-52 missiles. The presence of the President brought the boat in the Russian Navy nicknamed Yacht of the Commander one. The boats were in the Russian Seekriegsflotte as showpieces and are used as a figurehead for the advertising to new staff.
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