It differs from a ballistic missile by the permanent drive during the entire flight, and by the aerodynamic flight, often supported by wings - as opposed to strategic and tactical ground-to-ground missiles .
Navigation is usually caused by a combination of inertial navigation , terrain-contour matching , the target area image adjustment and satellite navigation , and partly supported by a synthetic aperture radar .
The drive is generally carried by a jet engine as turbofan or as ramjet , partly by rocket engine , such as frequently during fast Seezielflugkörpern .
The weapon can from submarines , ships , aircraft or land and start flying with a height of 15 to 100 meters, so low that it is difficult from the enemy radar can be detected. Also for infrared - sensors it is due to their low heat emission difficult to see.
Military classifications
- Air-supported cruise missile - Air-Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM)
- Country-supported cruise missile - Ground-Launched Cruise Missile (Launched Cruise)
- Sea-based cruise missiles - Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM)
- Cruise missiles against land targets - land-attack cruise missile (LACM)
- Cruise missiles against shipping - Anti-Ship Cruise Missile (ASCM)
Development
Already in the First World War there had been in the warring nations several attempts. So it was, among other things with the Kettering Bug an independently controlled, unmanned "aerial torpedo" (air- torpedo ) - not to be confused with the German designation air torpedo given that at 250 kg weight reached a distance of 70 km -.In Germany in the autumn of 1915, with the Army airship P IV (Parseval PL 16) in Berlin-Biesdorf torpedo glider attempts by the companySiemens-Schuckert made. Later came also in Biesdorf experiments with the Army Parseval PL 25 . In the summer of 1917 were dropped in Hanover (air port Vahrenwalder Heide) with the Army airship Z XII (LZ 26) gliders and radio-controlled torpedo. The Navy airship L 25 (ex army airship LZ 88) and L 35 also took the summer of 1917 until the war ended in 1918 with attempts torpedo gliders in various places, including in the Central Luftschiffhafen Jüterbog . The last release of a Siemens-Schuckert torpedo glider was made on 2 August 1918.The slider weighed 1000 kg, flew 7.6 km wide and was dropped from 1200 meters altitude. Siemens-Schuckert in the armistice had just launched a new series of experiments in Nordholz begun. It was about the giant plane R VIII (also built by Siemens-Schuckert), but it did not come to any bombing. Siemens-Schuckert built until November 1918, approximately 100 torpedo glider.
In Porz- Westhoven at Cologne, the company developed Mannesmann MULAG in 1918 under the direction of Villehad Forssman on behalf of the Imperial Naval Office under the pseudonym Bat a wire remote controlled air torpedo. The test took place on a military training center in delusion and Spich instead. After the change of Siemens Forssmann Westhoven worked in the construction of the giant aircraft giant of Poll with that was never built.
In the 1930s in Germany Gleittorpedo various types were tested, which were known as "LT F5b". The company Blohm & Voss in 1942 developed the Blohm & Voss L 10 "Angel of Peace", which was attached to the outer wing of the Ju 88A-4. By this measure, the F5b 450 pieces were produced. Later there was the successor model "L 11 - Snow White".
In a completely different direction and dimension then went to the predecessor of the modern cruise missile, the German "Vengeance Weapon" V1 , in the Second World War for attacks on London and Antwerp was used. In contrast to the modern cruise missile that was only with a simple autopilot equipped. Could the cruise missile to compass heading control, flight time and flight level. The achieved accuracy was a combat range of 250 km at 12 km. This may seem low, but at a target area, such as London (40 km × 50 km) is sufficient.
In the 1950s, developed both the U.S. and the Soviet Union , a number of long-range cruise missiles with intercontinental range (USA:SM-62 Snark and SM-64 Navaho , Soviet Union: Lavochkin La-350 "Burja" ).
Technologically most ambitious project was the U.S. Pluto , which a nuclear ramjet envisaged. The missile was to intercept the bombs with Mach 3 at low altitude more minutes or hours circling over enemy territory, to contaminate other areas of radioactive and destroy by the supersonic shock wave. The project was stopped in 1964 after successful test runs well but since it is the U.S. government seemed to be too provocative. All were due to the introduction of ballistic ICBMs ended (ICBM).
From 1980, the planned NATO , the deployment of Soviet medium-range missiles of the type SS-20 to the stationing of U.S. cruise missiles and Pershing II medium-range missiles to answer, with a simultaneous disarmament offer to the USSR . Against this NATO Double-Track Decision (also known as "retrofitting decision" known) developed in the 1980s, protests in the European peace movement and the wider public.
From 1982, the United States developed the AGM-129 a nuclear-tipped cruise missiles, thanks to the stealth technology was discovered by Soviet airborne radar systems difficult. After completion of 460 pieces in 1993, the production was stopped because in 1991 the Soviet Union had dissolved the original opponent.
In the former Soviet Union developed during the 1980s as a counterpart to the U.S. Tomahawk and CALCM a range cruise missiles: the airborne AS-15 Kent , the submarine-based SS-N-21 Sampson and the vehicle-mounted SS-C-4 Slingshot .
Modern cruise missiles and Tomahawk type CALCM were both in the Second and Third Gulf War, each first wave of U.S. attacks to neutralize with low risk to our own troops, the Iraqi air defense. The system price for this used seaborne BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missile was between 600,000 to 1 million U.S. dollars.
In the 1990s, several European nations began with the development of airborne cruise missiles. In the Iraq war began in 2003 Royal Air Force for the first time the British cruise missile Storm Shadow one, in the future of France and Saudi Arabia will be put into service.
India , together with Russia, the BrahMos missile developed-that is, with 3,000 kg Loaded weight and up to Mach 2.8 is the single largest and fastest cruise missile. The first test took place in June 2001, production started in 2004.
Germany developed jointly with Sweden the cruise missile Taurus , the 2005 went into series production.
Pakistan successfully tested in August 2005, his cruise missile type HATF VII Babur , with a range of 700 km, which can be equipped with nuclear warheads.
The People's Republic of China developed after U.S. data 2007 a cruise missile type Donghai 10 (DH-10) with a range of 2000 km. The People's Liberation Army 2008 is to have 50 pieces.
2007, 70 states have a total of up to 80,000 missiles.
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