Projekt 945 (Sierra-Klasse)

The nuclear-powered submarines (SSN) Des project 945 (NATO codename-Sierra) have been developed since 1974 by the Soviet Navy.

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Ship data Boatyard Recruit 112 Gorki Construction Time 1979 to 1986 Built units 2

Ship Dimensions and crew Long 107 m ( turkish delight ) Width 12,2 m Draft max. 8,8 m Displacement emerged: 6,300 tonnes submerged: 8,200 t Crew 59 man

Machine Machine 1 × OK-650A-Druckwasserreaktor 190 MW Propeller 1 × siebenflügelig (main drive)

Use data Submarine Depth, normal 480 m Maximum depth. 550 m Rate dipped max. 35,0 kn Speed ​​appeared max. 12 kn

Arming 4 × Torpedorohre ∅ 533 mm (Project 945) Torpedorohre ∅ 2 × 650 mm (Project 945) 2 tubes for Täuschkörperausstoß Ammunition: 32 Torpedoes

Projekt 945 Barrakuda

The design offices Lazurite, malachite and Rubin then began with three developments. While Lazurite Rubin and a titanium hull preferring preferred malachite a steel hull, but only because of the cost. Complicated welding of titanium hulls and are very expensive to maintain. Lazurite finally made the project 945 (NATO: Sierra I) before 1978 and got Award keel laying of the two units and Rubin got 1980 for the boot order. At about the same time was to build the unity of the one project 685: Worden started the hapless K-278 Komsomolets (NATO "Mike"). The project was given the NATO reporting name "Sierra I".

Units

B-239

On 25 July 1977, the B-239 first unit of the project as 945 BAPL ( Bolshaya nuclear Well Podwodnaja Lodka - Large nuclear submarine) was added to the fleet list of the Navy and the command was transferred EW Gurbew. On 20 July 1979 welded shipbuilders in Bauhallen of Krasnoye Sormovo in Gorky , the first sections of the keel laying of the B-239. The assembly of the first fuselage lasted because of the enormous cost nearly four years, until 29 Was completed in July 1982 with the rolling out of the construction hall of the launch. For final outfitting and testing of B-239 was on barges up the Volga to Severodvinsk , where she was finally in the White Sea ran through the sea trial.
On 29 June 1984 B-239 was finally made ​​to serve the Navy and the Northern Fleet passed. In 1992 the boat in K-239 and was reclassified in the 6th April In 1993 the name "Karp" (carp ). have been modernized from July to December 1994 in the shipyard in Severodvinsk Swesdotschka among other weapons systems and sensors. On 30 May 1998 K-239 Karp was launched in the wake of the first major repair in Severodvinsk. In the course of growing money problems of the Russian forces and the enormous cost, the boat was preserved and hung up. Whether K-239 will return to the service is questionable.

B-276

The second unit of the project 945, B-276 (or K-276) was deposited on 9th Date February 1982 in the fleet list and 21 April 1984 Krasnoye Sormovo Keel-laying. The command had SW Kulakov. On 26 July 1986, the launch occurred on 30 December 1987 B-276 was lodged with the Northern Fleet in service. Together with her ​​sister ship, she was in the Ura Bay stationed.
On 11 February 1992 pushed B-276 in the Barents Sea with the U.S. submarine USS Baton Rouge together. The collision severely deformed the tower and the submarine had to return to the base. Of 28 March to 29 June saw the repair at the shipyard Nerpa instead. On 6 April 1993, the ship received the name of "Krab". On 15 November 1996 was renamed the boat "Kostroma". In 2000 the ship to the main repair in the shipyard was Nerpa launched. After a major upgrade B-276 was Kostroma 2005 reincorporated into the fight stock.

Project 945AB

The Project 945A was well proven in combat patrols and the boats were never prosecuted. Lazurite put on a further modification, the project 945AB, which should eventually be included in the series production. The keel for the first boat, K-123, was in March 1990 at Krasnoye Sormovo down. Shortly thereafter, the funds for the project have been removed since the project was now gone into 971U series. What happened to K-123, is unclear, but it is quite possible that the body still rests in the construction hall.

Specifications

Developer: NI Kvasha (SKB-112 Lazurite)

• Shipyard: Krasnoje Sermowo, Zavod 112, Nizhny Novgorod (formerly Gorky); Sevmash, Severodvinsk
• maximum continuous operating time: 4500 hours
• Supplies on board for 50 days
• Antrieb: 1-190-OK-650 MWt - Druckwasserreaktor , Dampfturbinen MIT 47000-50000 PS , Ein siebenflügeliger Propeller
• Hüllenmaterial: Titan -Legierung
• Crew: 59-61 (31 officers / 28-30 sailors)
• Armament:
• RPK-6/-7 Wodopod / Neither SS-N-16 'Stallion' anti-submarine missiles
• RK-55 SS-N-21 "Sampson" cruise missile (Sierra II)
• 1 × starter for SA-N-5 "Grail" - or SA-N-8 "Gremlin" - anti-aircraft missiles
• Torpedoes :
• 4 × 533-mm Bugtorpedorohre (two in and two out of the pressure hull)
• equipped with WA-111-Schkwal underwater missiles, SET-72, TEST-71M, USET-80 torpedoes
• 2 × 650-mm-Bugtorpedorohre (all in the pressure hull)
• equipped with a Type-65-76 torpedoes or
• 42 Seeminen
• Systems:
• "Chiblis" surface radar
• "Medwjedista-945" Navigation
• "Molniya-M" satellite communications
• "Tsunami" -, "Kiparis" -, "Anis" -, "Sintes" - and "Kora" Radio Antennas
• "MGK-80" underwater communication device
• "Parawan", drawn VLF antenna
• "Wsplezk" Command Post
• "MGK-503"-Sonar
• "Akula" sideline Sonar
• "Pelamida"-Schleppsonar
• "MG-70"-mine detection sonar
• „Buchta“-EloKa
• 2 × "MG-74-corundum" - decoys
• "MT-70" sonar receiver
• "Nichrome M" - Friend or Foe system

Trade U-Boat (Handels-U-Boot)

As a trade-submarines are non-military submarines designated by which goods or commodities that can be traded despite a naval blockade. Compared to conventional commercial vessels are distinguished trade submarines from the fact that they carried Tauchfahrt allow an unnoticed breaking a naval blockade. Since trading submarines are unarmed submarines, they are civilian vehicles with a civilian crew and enjoy get full protection under international law as a merchant ship .

World War

The design of commercial submarine was necessary because the German Empire in World War I was largely cut off because of the English naval blockade of overseas trade. The overarching goal was to strategically important raw materials that were helpful for the continuation of the war, sure to carry into the country. The payment of the required raw materials based indirectly on the principle of barter , as a consideration in Reichsmarks for America's trading partners would have been unfavorable.

On 8 November 1915 founded the Bremen merchant, Alfred Lohmann , the shipping company North German Lloyd and the German bank , the new German Ocean Shipping Company (DOR). At the foundation they gave a freight-carrying submarine, which Germany , in order. Underground Germany was 28th March 1916 entered into the commercial register. In Tonnage Certificate were 791  GRT or 414  NRT entered. There are six other trade submarines were ordered, but even before their first deployment as a commercial submarines due to the increased naval blockade of the Royal Navy and entered the war the United States in 1917 artillery submarines, called U cruisers , were rebuilt.

Plans to supply the colony of German East Africa , and perforation of the local naval blockade with the help of U-boats arrived in 1916 in the Imperial Colonial Office on. However, they were of the Imperial Navy because of his own submarine demand as a result of unrestricted submarine war not taken up and foreseeable technical hurdles. Other obstacles were the confusing situation in the East African theater of war and the withdrawal of German troops protection of the coastal areas.

World War II

During the Second World War , there were projects to build again trading submarines and deploy. It remained in the so-called "dairy cows" , which was used to supply the offshore submarines. Next regular combat submarines were charged several times with transportation problems. The selected for this purpose XB minelayer boats brought among other technical plans and materials from Germany to Japan. Bill belonged to, among other mercury , uranium oxide , V2 -rocket motors and documents relating to the Me-262 - and Me-163 fighters and various Jetantrieben . In exchange, commodities were as tin and rubber transported. Of the eight boats used only survived U 219 and U 234 commitment.

Postwar plans and current use

As part of the development of the oil fields in Alaska and Russia , there were also projects for transport submarines. For the transport of the oil under the Arctic ice giant submersible oil tankers were using nuclear propulsion have been provided.
From time to newspaper reports appear to smuggling submarines , by the customs were caught because they were allegedly used for drug smuggling.  It was here first mostly mini-submarines used by some one hundred kilograms drug can carry, current boat but have a Transportkapzität the ton scale.  Perhaps the greatest smugglers submarine was before its completion in an underground yard in Colombia discovered and had a carrying capacity of 200 tons. Most of these submarines are being built by Russian models.  is essential, however, that these smuggling submarines so far can not fully submerge and therefore also known as semi-submersibles are called.  This means in that the boat the surface of the water moved, but at least one tower or even a larger part of the top of the vessel is located above the water, and thus the control is simplified, and the drive can be carried out over normal diesel engines, as the air supply is ensured. It is common that these boats are used for single and transport are sunk at the destination. Meanwhile, it is estimated that just one-third of the drugs are transported to the U.S. in this way.

Known commercial submarines

Worldwide have been only two major commercial submarines were designed and used. These were the German Commercial submarines Germany and Bremen , which were made ​​at the time of the First World War service.

Submarine Germany

→ Main article : Germany (trade submarine)
The U-Germany was the only merchant U-boat that was able to complete two trading trips to the USA. It was rebuilt after the war, the United States entered the Submarine.

Submarine Bremen

The sister ship of Germany , the Bremen , was lost on its maiden voyage. Their fate was not cleared up yet. Upon completion, it was on the 8th In July 1916 and handed over to the DOR in the ship register of Bremen entered. captain was Karl Schwartzkopf. He was a reserve officer in the Navy , formed on submarines and before acquisition of Bremen been discharged from active service. On 21 August 1916 left the Bremen the port of Kiel and was briefly in Helgoland harbor station, and then to begin the journey. On this trip, she remained missing. Even after the end of hostilities, the fate of this boat has not been clarified, although reported the British cruiser Mantua a collision with a submarine-like object south of Iceland . Another theory, which included the naval historian Anthony Preston represents assumes a mine hit out.